Free, open-source, cross-platform developer platform for building a wide range of applications like web, mobile, and desktop apps. It includes tools, libraries, and programming languages (like C#, VB.NET, and F#) to help developers create efficient and reliable software that can run on different operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux. .NET consists of a runtime, which executes the code, and a vast collection of pre-built libraries to simplify common programming tasks.
In programming is a set of commands to be carried out by the computer when the program is run. They may be used to update variables, read or write data, or call up a particular function.
Technology that enables computers and machines to simulate human learning, understanding, problem solving, decision making, creativity, and autonomy. Applications and devices equipped with artificial intelligence can see and identify objects. They can understand and respond to human language. They can learn from new information and experiences. They can formulate detailed recommendations for users and experts. They can operate independently, eliminating the need for human intelligence or intervention (a classic example is the autonomous car).
Set of successive customer reactions to a product. The letters that make up this acronym stand for:
A – Attention – attracting the customer’s attention to the product.
I – Interest – getting the customer interested in the product’s features
D – Desire – convincing the customer that they need the product and that it can satisfy their needs.
A – Action – properly persuading the customer to purchase this particular product.
Currently, some add another letter:
S – Satisfaction – customer satisfaction, which will make them choose the same product again and recommend it to others.
The term AIDAL is also increasingly used, which is an extended version of the acronym with the addition of the word „Loyalty.”
Technique for creating web applications in which user interaction with the server takes place asynchronously, without reloading the entire document. This allows for more dynamic interaction with the user than in the traditional model, where each request for new data involves sending the entire HTML page.
JavaScript framework that enables us to enhance our JavaScript applications with its reactive and declarative nature. If you’re familiar with frameworks like Vue. js or React but find them heavy for certain projects, Alpine.
Process where a program’s source code is compiled into lower-level machine code before it is executed, typically during the build process. This differs from Just-in-Time (JIT) compilation, which compiles code during runtime. AOT compilation improves performance by reducing runtime work, leading to faster startup times, smaller memory footprints, and improved efficiency, making it ideal for production environments.
Set of protocols that allow different software components to send data to each other. Functions/methods in a library that can be called to ask it to perform certain actions – library interface.
Process of connecting different systems and applications to exchange data and functions between them. This enables effective communication and collaboration between independent systems, allowing for the extension of application functionality and the automation of business processes.
Set of HTML attributes that adds context to web elements for people using assistive technologies like screen readers. It helps developers make dynamic content and custom widgets accessible by providing information about an element’s role, state, and properties—information that is not provided by standard HTML. This allows assistive technologies to better understand and interact with web pages, bridging the accessibility gap.
Cloud computing platform that provides a wide range of on-demand services over the internet, such as computing power, storage, and databases. It allows businesses and individuals to rent IT infrastructure instead of owning and managing their own, paying only for what they use. AWS offers a scalable and flexible way to build and run applications without needing to invest in or maintain physical hardwares.
Software tool used for creating interactive prototypes, wireframes, and diagrams for websites and applications without requiring coding knowledge. It’s used by designers, product managers, and business analysts to build detailed, functional simulations of digital products, which can then be shared and tested with stakeholders. Key features include drag-and-drop interfaces, dynamic content, and conditional logic for creating complex interactions.
E-commerce hub.
Standard or reference point used for measuring performance, while benchmarking is the process of comparing one’s own products, services, or processes against those of a leader or competitor. The goal is to identify weaknesses, discover best practices, and improve your own performance.
Web-based, Atlassian product that hosts and manages Git repositories, allowing teams to collaborate on software development. It provides a platform to store, track, and manage code changes, with key features like branching, merging, and pull requests for code review.
Software application that allows customers to schedule appointments or make reservations for services online. These systems streamline the process of scheduling, managing, and confirming appointments, saving time for both the business and the customer. (e.g., Bookly / Calendly)
Fictional character that embodies the characteristics and values of your company. In an era where there is such a wide selection of products at a similar level (with similar quality, price, or communication), it is not easy to make an impression on the consumer. A brand hero will help you become more recognizable and build the right brand image that will attract crowds of satisfied consumers.
Navigation aid that helps users understand their current location within a website’s structure and easily navigate back to higher-level pages. They are typically displayed as a horizontal row of clickable links, often separated by a „>” symbol, positioned near the top of a page, below the main navigation.
Family of permissive free software licenses that allow developers to use, modify, and distribute software with minimal restrictions, making it suitable for both open-source and proprietary projects. The primary conditions are to retain the original copyright notice and license text, and often a disclaimer is included.
Tool that takes multiple source files and dependencies for a project and combines them into a smaller number of static assets, typically for use by a browser or blockchain. In web development, a JavaScript bundler like Webpack or Vite organizes and combines modules (like JavaScript and CSS files) into fewer, optimized files for faster loading. In Ruby, Bundler is a dependency manager that installs and tracks the specific versions of gems (libraries) needed for a project.
Organization that helps early-stage startups and entrepreneurs develop their business ideas by providing a wide range of support services, including office space, mentorship, training, and access to resources like networking opportunities and financing. They act as a catalyst for growth, helping companies move beyond the initial concept phase and prepare for long-term success.
General-purpose high-level programming language supporting multiple paradigms. C# encompasses static typing, strong typing, lexically scoped, imperative, declarative, functional, generic, object-oriented (class-based), and component-oriented programming disciplines. C# is a cross-platform that makes developers productive while writing highly performant code. With millions of developers, C# is the most popular .NET language.
Object-oriented programming language which gives a clear structure to programs and allows code to be reused, lowering development costs. C++ is portable and can be used to develop applications that can be adapted to multiple platforms.
Function that is passed as an argument to another function and is executed later, after the main function has completed its task. This pattern is commonly used in asynchronous programming to handle operations that take time, like network requests or file I/O, ensuring that code runs in the correct order.
In-depth, detailed study of a specific topic, such as a person, group, organization, or event, to understand its characteristics, behaviors, or outcomes in a real-world context. It is a research method used in various disciplines to gain comprehensive insight into a specific case, often exploring complex issues and phenomena.
Geographically distributed network of servers that speeds up the delivery of web content by caching content closer to users. By storing copies of website content on multiple servers in different locations, CDNs reduce latency and improve website loading times, especially for users far from the origin server.
Highest-ranking corporate officer in an organization, typically a company or a non-profit. The CEO is responsible for the overall management of the organization and making key strategic decisions. They lead the company’s operations and guide its direction to achieve its goals.
Standard specification that allows a web server to run an external program to process user requests and generate dynamic content. It acts as an interface between the server and applications, enabling interactive features like form submissions by passing information to the program and returning the results as an HTTP response to the user’s browser. While historically important, it has largely been superseded by more efficient technologies due to its performance limitations of launching a new process for each request.
Creation of visual content using computer software. This can include both static and animated 2D or 3D images, scenes, and effects used in movies, video games, advertisements, and other fields. CGI is used to create things that are impossible, too expensive, or dangerous to film, such as realistic fantastical creatures, vast worlds, or complex simulations.
Senior executive responsible for managing a company’s technology and computer systems to align with its strategic goals. The CIO’s role includes overseeing IT infrastructure, implementing new technology, ensuring cybersecurity, and driving digital transformation efforts.
Text-based method of interacting with a computer’s operating system or software by typing commands. Unlike graphical user interfaces (GUIs) that use icons and menus, a CLI uses a shell program to interpret your text-based commands and execute tasks.
All-in-one productivity and project management platform designed to help individuals and teams organize and manage work. It centralizes tasks, docs, goals, time tracking, and more, offering a wide range of customizable features like different views (List, Board, Gantt, Calendar), custom fields, and AI-powered tools to help automate work and generate content.
Function that, when executed, can access variables from its enclosing (outer) scope, even after the outer function has finished executing. This is because the function „closes over” or „remembers” the environment in which it was created, including the variables it needs.
Software quality assurance process where one or more people or tools examine source code to find bugs, improve quality, and ensure it aligns with coding standards before it’s merged into a main codebase. This practice helps catch errors early, promotes knowledge sharing among developers, and ultimately leads to a more robust and reliable product.
In technology is the ability of different systems, software, hardware components, specifications, versions, and data format to work together without conflicts. This includes software compatibility (like different programs sharing files or running on the same OS) and hardware compatibility (like a monitor working with a specific computer).
Process of translating source code written in a high-level programming language into machine code that a computer can understand (low-level). It can also mean a collection or combination of different elements, such as music tracks on a compilation album or fragments of text in a single work.
Process of joining two or more sequences, most commonly strings, into a single sequence. It’s a fundamental operation in programming used to combine data like text fragments, numbers, or even more complex data types such as arrays and matrices. The method for concatenation varies by programming language, often using a specific operator like + or &, or a dedicated function.
In computer science – refers to changing the format of data, data type, or number system to another. This may include converting file formats, changing the type of a variable in code (e.g., from an integer to a floating point number), or converting values between different number systems (e.g., decimal, binary, hexadecimal). In marketing and sales – refers to the user performing a desired action, e.g., purchasing a product, subscribing to a newsletter, filling out a contact form. This is an action that is intended to benefit the company.
Set of specific, user-centered metrics that measure the real-world user experience of a webpage, focusing on loading, interactivity, and visual stability. They are a subset of Google’s page experience signals, which also include mobile-friendliness, safe-browsing, HTTPS usage, and intrusive interstitials. Improving these metrics can positively impact a website’s search ranking and user experience.
HTTP-header-based mechanism that allows a web server to indicate to a browser which origins (domains, schemes, or ports) are permitted to load resources from it. It is a security feature that relaxes the strict same-origin policy, enabling a webpage from one domain to access resources from a different domain, which is common in modern web applications that use third-party APIs and services.
HTTP-based security mechanism that allows a server to grant a web browser permission to access resources from a domain other than its own. It’s an extension of the same-origin policy, which normally prevents a webpage from making requests to a different domain for security reasons. CORS is crucial for modern web development, as it enables authorized resource sharing, such as when a website uses an API from a different server.
Both a business philosophy focused on building lasting relationships with customers and an IT system (software) used to collect, analyze, and manage customer data. CRM systems support marketing, sales, and customer service departments in better understanding, serving, and maintaining long-term relationships, increasing customer loyalty, and optimizing sales processes.
Time-based job scheduler in Unix-like operating systems that automates repetitive tasks by running commands or scripts at specific times or intervals. These scheduled tasks are called cron jobs, and they are configured using a crontab file, which specifies when to execute commands like system maintenance, backups, or report generation.
Sales technique that involves offering the customer additional products or services that complement the offer they were originally interested in. The aim of the strategy is to increase the purchase amount during a single transaction.
Four basic operations (actions) of persistent storage. CRUD operations are essential for tasks like adding new data, retrieving existing data, modifying data, and removing data. CRUD is also sometimes used to describe user interface conventions that facilitate viewing, searching, and changing information using computer-based forms and reports.
Style sheet language used for specifying the presentation and styling of a document written in a markup language such as HTML or XML (including XML dialects such as SVG, MathML or XHTML). CSS is a cornerstone technology of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and JavaScript.
Plain text file format used to store tabular data, where each line represents a row and values are separated by commas. It’s a simple and common way to exchange data between different applications, especially spreadsheets and databases.
Senior executive who leads a company’s technology strategy, innovation, and development efforts to align with overall business objectives. They focus on external factors like improving customer-facing products and services through technology, overseeing research and development, and ensuring the company stays at the forefront of technological advancements. The CTO’s role also includes managing tech budgets and performance, as well as potentially leading the technical teams responsible for these areas.
Metric that measures the percentage of people who click on a specific link, ad, or call to action after seeing it. It’s calculated by dividing the number of clicks by the number of impressions (times the ad was shown) and multiplying by 100 to get a percentage.
Indicator that measures what percentage of visitors to a website take the desired action (conversion), such as making a purchase, subscribing to a newsletter, or filling out a form. It is calculated by dividing the number of conversions by the total number of visitors to the website, then multiplying the result by 100 to express it as a percentage.
Overall perception a customer has of a company or brand based on all of their interactions throughout the entire customer journey. This includes every touchpoint, from initial marketing contact and website browsing to post-purchase support, and it shapes the customer’s feelings, loyalty, and likelihood to recommend the brand.
Frontend test automation tool for regression testing of web applications. Cypress runs on Windows, Linux, and macOS. Cypress app is open-source software released under the MIT License, while the Cypress Cloud is a web application.
Relationships where one element depends on another to start or complete. This can apply to tasks in a project, where one task must be finished before another can begin, or to software components, where a program needs a specific library to function correctly. Dependencies are crucial for planning and execution in many fields and must be managed to avoid delays and disruptions.
Set of rules, tools, and processes that streamline the design, construction, and development of digital products. In practice, it is a library of components that combine design and code, as well as knowledge on how to use them. Thanks to it, designers and developers work more efficiently, and the results of their work create a coherent family of products within a single organization.
-Methodology that integrates security practices into every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC). Instead of security being an afterthought, it becomes a shared responsibility from the start, using automation and collaboration to build secure applications more quickly and efficiently.
Free, open-source, high-level Python web framework that enables the rapid development of secure and maintainable websites. It provides a structured framework with pre-built components and tools that handle common web development tasks, allowing developers to focus on writing unique application logic instead of reinventing the wheel. Django is particularly helpful for database-driven websites and offers built-in protection against common web security threats.
Key element of the internet that translates easy-to-remember domain names, such as „google.com,” into IP addresses that computers can understand (e.g., 172.217.160.142). Thanks to DNS, we don’t have to remember complicated strings of numbers to access a given website. It works like an online phone book, where instead of phone numbers, we have domain names, and instead of names, we have IP addresses.
Way of representing complex XML and HTML documents in the form of an object model. This model is independent of the platform and programming language.
Configuration file used by various software applications, especially on Unix-like systems, that is hidden by default because its filename starts with a dot (.). These files store user-specific settings or preferences, such as shell configurations, environment variables, or application-specific preferences
Online sales model in which the seller (store) does not stock the goods but acts as an intermediary between the customer and the wholesaler, who ships the products directly to the end customer. The store owner focuses on marketing and customer service, while their logistics partner (wholesaler or manufacturer) handles the rest of the operations, including storage and shipping. This model allows you to start selling with minimal initial capital and without having to invest in your own warehouse.
Free, open-source content management system (CMS) and web application framework used for building and managing both simple and complex websites and applications. It is highly flexible and scalable, with a modular design that allows for customization to create diverse digital experiences, from large government sites to corporate portals.
– software development concept that states every piece of knowledge should have a single, unambiguous, and authoritative representation within a system. Its goal is to reduce repetition and duplication in code, which makes software more maintainable, efficient, and easier to update. Instead of copying and pasting code, developers use abstractions like functions, classes, and modules to represent logic or data in one place
Area of expertise focused on the environment in which developers work. It optimizes their interaction with tools, technologies, teams, and processes.
Systems and software used to manage and integrate a company’s core business processes, such as finance, human resources, manufacturing, supply chain, and others. ERP systems provide a centralized platform for data and streamline operations, increasing efficiency and facilitating decision-making.
Function or method used to modify a string so it can be safely included as the value of an HTML attribute, preventing characters like < or > from being misinterpreted by the browser. This process, known as HTML escaping, ensures that the content is treated as a literal string rather than as part of the HTML code, which improves security and prevents rendering errors.
Back end web application framework for Node. js, released as free and open-source software under the MIT License. It is designed for building web applications and APIs. It has been called the de facto standard server framework for Node.
Modern interface in JavaScript that allows you to make HTTP requests. It replaces the older XMLHttpRequest (AJAX) method and provides a cleaner and more flexible way to fetch resources asynchronously. The Fetch API uses Promises, making it easier to work with asynchronous data.
In programming is a function or operation that selects elements from a collection (like a list, array, or set) based on a specific condition. It creates a new data structure containing only the elements for which a given „predicate” function returns true. This is a common technique for restricting a dataset to a subset that meets certain criteria.
Products that are sold quickly and at relatively low cost, often with a short shelf life. Examples include food, beverages, toiletries, and cleaning supplies.
Big library or group of libraries that provides many services (rather than perhaps only one focussed ability as most libraries/SDKs do). For example, .NET provides an application framework – it makes it easier to use most (if not all) of the disparate services you need (e.g. Windows, graphics, printing, communications, etc) to write a vast range of applications – so one „library” provides support for pretty much everything you need to do. Often a framework supplies a complete base on which you build your own code, rather than you building an application that consumes library code to do parts of its work.
Standard network protocol used to transfer files between a client and a server on a computer network
Protocol that adds security extensions to the standard FTP by using TLS/SSL encryption. It’s an extension of the FTP protocol, rather than a completely separate protocol like SFTP.
Online advertising platform developed by Google, where advertisers bid to display short ads, service offers, product lists, and videos to web users.
Latest version of Google’s analytics tool, responding to the rapidly changing online world. GA4 replaced Universal Analytics (UA), which originated in 2005 after Google’s acquisition of Urchin. The tool is designed with the future of web analytics in mind, taking into account the development of mobile applications and the evolution of methods for measuring user activity on the internet. Focuses on analyzing the entire user journey, both on websites and in mobile applications. It uses artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to provide more detailed insight into user interactions. This allows marketers to gain valuable information about the effectiveness of their marketing activities on different devices.
(Before Google My Business) Free Google service that allows businesses to manage their presence on Google Search and Maps. It allows you to create and update your business listing with information such as address, opening hours, contact details, and collect customer reviews. This increases the local visibility of the company, makes it easier for customers to find and contact it, and builds trust.
Free and open distributed version control system designed to handle everything from small to very large projects with speed and efficiency.
Web-based platform that provides hosting for Git software development version control and collaboration. It allows developers to store, manage, and share code, and work together on projects simultaneously. Key features include repositories, branching, pull requests, and project management tools that make it easier for teams to collaborate, track changes, and review code.
Continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) platform that allows you to automate your build, test, and deployment pipeline. You can create workflows that build and test every pull request to your repository, or deploy merged pull requests to production.
All-in-one DevSecOps platform for managing the entire software development lifecycle in a single application. It includes features for Git repository hosting, version control, project planning, issue tracking, wikis, and built-in CI/CD pipelines. This allows developers to store code, collaborate, automate builds and deployments, and manage project workflows in one place.
Set of widely used free software licenses that allow users to run, study, share, and modify the software. It is a „copyleft” license, meaning that any derivative works must also be distributed under the same GPL terms, ensuring that the software remains free and open.
Powerful JavaScript library for creating high-performance animations on the web. It is used by creative developers to animate various elements like text, SVGs, and UI components across different frameworks and technologies, offering advanced features and precise control over animations.
Tool for monitoring a website’s position in Google search results, presenting a variety of analytical data. GSC allows webmasters to check website indexing and detect errors.
Tag management system that allows you to configure and implement tags on a website or mobile application using an easy-to-use web interface.
Mechanism in programming for intercepting events or calls and injecting custom code to modify or extend a system’s behavior at specific points. It acts as a custom insertion point in a program’s process, allowing developers to run their own logic when a specific event occurs, without changing the original source code. Examples include debugging tools that intercept function calls, web frameworks that use hooks to let users customize components, and libraries that use hooks for things like database operations or event handling.
HTML attribute used to specify the destination of a link. It is most commonly found within an (anchor) tag and defines where a user is taken when they click on a hyperlink. This destination can be a URL for another webpage, a specific section on the same page, an email address, a phone number, or a file for download.
Standard language used to create and structure web pages. It uses elements, defined by „tags” in angle brackets, to define and organize content like paragraphs, headings, images, and links, which are then displayed by a web browser. Think of it as the framework or structural foundation for a webpage.
Process of designing products, systems, or software to be adaptable to various languages, cultures, and regions without major engineering changes.
Library for loading a script’s messages, stored as JSON, ready for said script to use. Not only does it allow messages to be split out of the main code containing all the logic, it handles language fallbacks and basic parsing as well.
Software application that provides developers with a comprehensive set of tools in one place to write, compile, test, and debug code efficiently. It combines a source code editor with other essential tools like a debugger and build automation tools, creating a single, unified workspace for software development. This integration streamlines the development process, making it much faster and more efficient than using separate programs.
HTML element that embeds another HTML document within the current one. It’s essentially a way to include content from a different website or source directly on your webpage, like embedding a YouTube video or a Google Map.
Website which offer heightened user experiences that inspire visitors to fully explore them. An immersive website keeps its users at the center, combining visuals, content, and interactivity aimed at making their visit enjoyable and connecting with them on a deeper level.
Form of presenting information that combines graphic elements (images, charts, icons) with text to convey complex data or processes in a concise and attractive way. It is an effective way to attract the audience’s attention and facilitate the understanding of complex issues.
Integrated development environment (IDE) developed by JetBrains for professional software development. It supports multiple programming languages, primarily Java and Kotlin, and helps developers write, debug, and optimize code more efficiently through smart features like code completion, static code analysis, and refactoring.
Method of estimating unknown values between known data points, which is used in two main ways: in data processing and in graphics. Data interpolation estimates missing values, such as imputing data in a table or filling in intermediate points in a series. String interpolation is a programming technique that inserts variables and expressions into a string literal.
Computer network for sharing information, easier communication, collaboration tools, operational systems, and other computing services within an organization, usually to the exclusion of access by outsiders. The term is used in contrast to public networks, such as the Internet, but uses the same technology based on the Internet protocol suite.
UX principle by Jakob Nielsen stating that users prefer websites and applications to work like those they already know, transferring their existing mental models to the new interface. To take advantage of this, designers should use familiar design patterns and conventions, such as placing the logo in the upper left corner or navigation at the top of the page, to reduce learning time and create a more intuitive user experience.
Versatile, object-oriented programming language and computing platform known for its „write once, run anywhere” capability, allowing code to run on any system with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM). It is used to create a wide range of applications, including mobile and web apps, enterprise software, and game.
Lightweight object-oriented high-level, interpreted scripting language that is primarily used to make web pages interactive, dynamic, and functional – it moves, refreshes, or otherwise changes on your screen without requiring you to reload the page. It is one of the core technologies of the web, alongside HTML (which structures content) and CSS (which styles it).
Collection of pre-written functions for specific tasks, while a JavaScript framework is a pre-written structure for building web applications with a set architecture and design pattern. Libraries provide flexibility, allowing developers to pick and choose features, while frameworks provide a complete solution with less control for the developer. Both libraries and frameworks are commonly used in web development for their complementary benefits.
Hybrid execution strategy that combines interpretation and ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation. It is the cornerstone of modern JavaScript engines like V8, enabling dynamic languages to achieve near-native performance. V8, used in Chrome and Node.