Free, open-source, cross-platform developer platform for building a wide range of applications like web, mobile, and desktop apps. It includes tools, libraries, and programming languages (like C#, VB.NET, and F#) to help developers create efficient and reliable software that can run on different operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux. .NET consists of a runtime, which executes the code, and a vast collection of pre-built libraries to simplify common programming tasks.
In programming refers to four properties that guarantee database transactions are processed reliably. These properties ensure that even during system failures, transactions are either completed in their entirety or not at all, leaving the database in a valid state. This is crucial for applications requiring strict data accuracy, such as financial and e-commerce systems.
List of permissions associated with a system resource, specifying which users or processes can access the resource and what operations they are allowed to perform. ACLs are used to enhance security by controlling access to resources such as files, directories, or network segments.
In programming is a set of commands to be carried out by the computer when the program is run. They may be used to update variables, read or write data, or call up a particular function.
Comprehensive content management solution for building websites, mobile apps, and forms. It’s a part of the Adobe Marketing Cloud suite and helps businesses deliver personalized, targeted content across various digital channels.
Comprehensive enterprise-level platform by Adobe for managing content and digital assets across various channels and for creating personalized, engaging online experiences for customers. It functions as a content management system (CMS) and digital asset management (DAM) solution, handling everything from website development to mobile app creation and document management.
Entity (often a blogger, influencer, or online publisher) that promotes the products or services of other companies (advertisers) using unique affiliate links and in return receives a commission on sales or other actions taken by customers who clicked on the link.
Hypothetical type of AI that could perform any intellectual task, just like a human, and in some respects even surpass it. The AGI would be versatile, able to learn, plan and adapt to unforeseen situations in a way comparable to human intelligence, which distinguishes it from current, specialized (narrow) artificial intelligence.
Approach to project management that aims to work in small increments in order to achieve a goal. So instead of having one large reveal or launch, an Agile project is comprised of smaller chunks of tasks that can be delivered in shorter time frames continuously. This makes it easier for project teams to adapt to changing priorities, respond to problems that arise, and cut down on cost, time, and inefficiencies.
Technology that enables computers and machines to simulate human learning, understanding, problem solving, decision making, creativity, and autonomy. Applications and devices equipped with artificial intelligence can see and identify objects. They can understand and respond to human language. They can learn from new information and experiences. They can formulate detailed recommendations for users and experts. They can operate independently, eliminating the need for human intelligence or intervention (a classic example is the autonomous car).
Set of successive customer reactions to a product. The letters that make up this acronym stand for:
A – Attention – attracting the customer’s attention to the product.
I – Interest – getting the customer interested in the product’s features
D – Desire – convincing the customer that they need the product and that it can satisfy their needs.
A – Action – properly persuading the customer to purchase this particular product.
Currently, some add another letter:
S – Satisfaction – customer satisfaction, which will make them choose the same product again and recommend it to others.
The term AIDAL is also increasingly used, which is an extended version of the acronym with the addition of the word „Loyalty.”
Technology that allows only part of a page to be refreshed, rather than the entire page, which is done asynchronously. The data is then retrieved from an XML or txt file located on the server using JavaScript or another script. AJAX is therefore not a programming language, but a technique that uses other languages. It is used to create interactive pages where data is processed without having to reload the entire page. It is also used to retrieve data from an external API, data about products available in an online store, or to extend an active user’s session in the background.
JavaScript framework that enables us to enhance our JavaScript applications with its reactive and declarative nature. If you’re familiar with frameworks like Vue. js or React but find them heavy for certain projects, Alpine.
Popular, open-source Typescript web development framework and platform for building fast, reliable, and scalable client-side single-page applications (SPAs). Developed and maintained by Google, it uses the TypeScript programming language and provides a comprehensive suite of tools, APIs, and libraries, including a built-in Command Line Interface (CLI), to streamline the development workflow. Angular’s architecture is based on components, which define user interfaces, and services, which handle background functionality and data fetching.
Process where a program’s source code is compiled into lower-level machine code before it is executed, typically during the build process. This differs from Just-in-Time (JIT) compilation, which compiles code during runtime. AOT compilation improves performance by reducing runtime work, leading to faster startup times, smaller memory footprints, and improved efficiency, making it ideal for production environments.
Version control system distributed as open source under the Apache License. Software developers use Subversion to maintain current and historical versions of files such as source code, web pages, and documentation.
Set of protocols that allow different software components to send data to each other. Functions/methods in a library that can be called to ask it to perform certain actions – library interface.
Server that acts as a single entry point, or reverse proxy, between clients and backend services in a distributed system like microservices. It handles client requests, routes them to the correct service, and aggregates the responses, while also providing central management for common functions like authentication, rate limiting, and security policies. This simplifies development and management by centralizing tasks that would otherwise be handled by each individual microservice.
Technique that intercepts or redirects calls to an API function to monitor, modify, or log its execution. It is used for purposes like system monitoring by security software, collecting user credentials for malicious intent, or enabling custom interactions with other services.
Process of connecting different systems and applications to exchange data and functions between them. This enables effective communication and collaboration between independent systems, allowing for the extension of application functionality and the automation of business processes.
Low-code platform for business process management and automation. The Appian software platform uses low-code, process orchestration, and AI to help organizations automate and optimize business processes, design new applications, and improve operational efficiency.
Self-contained packaging format that packages all the necessary code and dependencies into an executable format. To use a real-world analogy, a container is like an IKEA package with all the components, brackets, and screws for a desk (and, of course, a hex key). In addition to containing all the components, the container also builds the desk itself during execution.
Set of HTML attributes that adds context to web elements for people using assistive technologies like screen readers. It helps developers make dynamic content and custom widgets accessible by providing information about an element’s role, state, and properties—information that is not provided by standard HTML. This allows assistive technologies to better understand and interact with web pages, bridging the accessibility gap.
Enterprise work management and collaboration software platform that helps teams of all sizes organize tasks, manage projects, and track progress to achieve organizational goals. It provides a central workspace with features like project templates, various task views (list, board, calendar, timeline), automation, integrations, and AI-powered insights to increase clarity, accountability, and efficiency within a team or company.
Hypothetical future form of artificial intelligence (AI) that surpasses the intelligence and cognitive abilities of humans in all areas, including creativity, planning, general understanding and social problems. SSI would not only mimic human behaviour, but would also be able to learn, adapt and evolve on its own without human intervention, raising questions about its impact on the future of humanity and the ethical aspects of its use.
Server-side web-application framework designed for web development to produce dynamic web pages. It was developed by Microsoft to allow programmers to build dynamic web sites, applications and services.
Open-source, modern framework for building fast websites that focuses on performance by generating static HTML and sending as little JavaScript as possible to the browser. Thanks to its island architecture, Astro renders only static pages by default, and JavaScript is only included when needed for specific interactive components, ensuring lightning-fast loading. This framework is versatile, allowing integration with popular JavaScript libraries like React, Vue, and Svelte, and offers a range of built-in features, such as routing and asset management.
Advertising activities aimed at mass audience. ATL is defined as mass media campaigns. A characteristic feature of this form of communication is the reception of advertising by a much larger number of people than is necessary. The message is also sent by random recipients, who are not the de facto target group of customers of a given company. Traditionally, mass media includes television, press, radio, outdoor.
Program that supports the performance of common tasks such as creating job descriptions, posting jobs to career sites and job boards, résumé scanning, scheduling interviews, gathering feedback, performing background checks, and generating offer letters with electronic signatures.
Blend of „automatically” and „magically”, which is often used informally to describe a process that happens smoothly or seamlessly, almost as if by magic, without the user needing to understand or intervene much. The term is typically used in the context of software, technology, or systems that handle tasks in the background without requiring direct input from the user.
an approach to web design that aims to provide the best viewing experience on a specific device, such as a laptop, computer, phone, tablet, etc. This strategy provides dedicated views for each device individually. Unlike responsive design, which adapts the layout of a website to any screen size, adaptive design creates separate versions of a website for different devices.
Cloud computing platform that provides a wide range of on-demand services over the internet, such as computing power, storage, and databases. It allows businesses and individuals to rent IT infrastructure instead of owning and managing their own, paying only for what they use. AWS offers a scalable and flexible way to build and run applications without needing to invest in or maintain physical hardwares.
Software tool used for creating interactive prototypes, wireframes, and diagrams for websites and applications without requiring coding knowledge. It’s used by designers, product managers, and business analysts to build detailed, functional simulations of digital products, which can then be shared and tested with stakeholders. Key features include drag-and-drop interfaces, dynamic content, and conditional logic for creating complex interactions.
Data transaction management concept for distributed systems designed for high availability and scalability, particularly in NoSQL databases, by allowing temporary inconsistencies while ensuring data will eventually become consistent across all nodes. This makes it suitable for applications like social media and real-time analytics, where high availability is more critical than strict immediate consistency.
Comprehensive, cloud-based operating system and management platform for e-commerce businesses. It acts as a central hub designed to integrate various sales channels, automate daily operations, and streamline logistics for online sellers, particularly those operating across multiple platforms (marketplaces like Amazon, eBay, Allegro) and webstores (like Shopify, WooCommerce).
Command-line interface (CLI) and scripting language commonly used in Unix-based operating systems like Linux and macOS. It is an enhanced version of the original Bourne Shell (sh) and serves as the default shell on many Linux distributions.
Agile software development methodology where teams use plain-language scenarios to describe software behavior, fostering collaboration between developers, testers, and business stakeholders to create user-centric, well-understood software. BDD focuses on shared understanding through a common language, often Gherkin, to create executable tests and living documentation that ensure the software meets business needs and user expectations.
CSS naming convention and front-end development methodology for organizing code. It helps create reusable, modular, and maintainable code by structuring CSS classes into three component types: Blocks (standalone components), Elements (parts of a block), and Modifiers (flags to change appearance or behavior). This approach makes large projects more manageable and prevents naming conflicts.
Standard or reference point used for measuring performance, while benchmarking is the process of comparing one’s own products, services, or processes against those of a leader or competitor. The goal is to identify weaknesses, discover best practices, and improve your own performance.
System of dividing the content into separate, modular sections, similarly to how a bento box divides food into compartments. Each section may vary in size and shape, but it’s arranged in an orderly, tile-like fashion. The bento grid system effectively displays a variety of contents in an organized and aesthetically pleasing manner.
Technologies, practices, and tools used to collect, analyze, and present business data. The goal of BI is to help organizations make more informed business decisions by transforming raw data into actionable insights
Web-based, Atlassian product that hosts and manages Git repositories, allowing teams to collaborate on software development. It provides a platform to store, track, and manage code changes, with key features like branching, merging, and pull requests for code review.
Online CRM software used by over 15 million companies worldwide. It is available in the cloud or on-premise with source code access. Unlimited users, leads, and contacts. Advanced versions have sales and marketing automation, bulk SMS, campaign management, and support for multiple pipelines.
Situation in programming where software or code becomes unnecessarily complex, large, or inefficient, often due to the inclusion of excess features, redundant code, or unnecessary dependencies. This can lead to slower performance, higher memory usage, and reduced maintainability. It typically happens when developers add unnecessary features or fail to optimize their code.
Standard, reusable, and rarly changing template or standardized wording. In computer programming, it means code that is repeated with little or no modification. It is often used when referring to languages that are considered verbose, i.e. the programmer must write a lot of code to do minimal jobs. Boilerplate is something that you copy and paste and just add to a document. It comes up most often in contracts where language is used and reused, spelling out things like conditions and caveats.
Software application that allows customers to schedule appointments or make reservations for services online. These systems streamline the process of scheduling, managing, and confirming appointments, saving time for both the business and the customer. (e.g., Bookly / Calendly)
Open-source, front-end framework that provides pre-built HTML, CSS, and JavaScript components to help developers build responsive, mobile-first websites quickly and efficiently. It acts as a toolkit, giving developers a head start by offering ready-to-use templates, a grid system for responsiveness, and components like buttons and forms, saving time and ensuring consistency across projects.
Package manager for front-end web projects that is used to install, update and manage libraries and components (HTML, CSS, JavaScript, fonts).
Global standard for graphically representing business processes, using a set of standardized symbols to create clear diagrams for visualizing, analyzing, and automating workflows. It allows diverse stakeholders, from business analysts to IT developers, to understand and communicate processes consistently. The notation is maintained by the Object Management Group (OMG) and is a fundamental part of Business Process Management (BPM).
Collection of integrated tools that support the entire business process lifecycle, from discovery and design to execution, monitoring, and ongoing optimization. These suites use a model-driven approach and provide features like process modeling, workflow automation, business rule engines, form designers, and performance analytics to help organizations streamline operations, reduce costs, and improve efficiency.
Fictional character that embodies the characteristics and values of your company. In an era where there is such a wide selection of products at a similar level (with similar quality, price, or communication), it is not easy to make an impression on the consumer. A brand hero will help you become more recognizable and build the right brand image that will attract crowds of satisfied consumers.
Navigation aid that helps users understand their current location within a website’s structure and easily navigate back to higher-level pages. They are typically displayed as a horizontal row of clickable links, often separated by a „>” symbol, positioned near the top of a page, below the main navigation.
Family of permissive free software licenses that allow developers to use, modify, and distribute software with minimal restrictions, making it suitable for both open-source and proprietary projects. The primary conditions are to retain the original copyright notice and license text, and often a disclaimer is included.
Marketing activities focused on direct reaching a narrow, personalized group of recipients, instead of mass audience like in ATL marketing. BTL uses methods such as email marketing, social media, competitions, events, as well as personalized online ads to build a stronger relationship with the customer and encourage them to interact.
Tool that takes multiple source files and dependencies for a project and combines them into a smaller number of static assets, typically for use by a browser or blockchain. In web development, a JavaScript bundler like Webpack or Vite organizes and combines modules (like JavaScript and CSS files) into fewer, optimized files for faster loading. In Ruby, Bundler is a dependency manager that installs and tracks the specific versions of gems (libraries) needed for a project.
Organization that helps early-stage startups and entrepreneurs develop their business ideas by providing a wide range of support services, including office space, mentorship, training, and access to resources like networking opportunities and financing. They act as a catalyst for growth, helping companies move beyond the initial concept phase and prepare for long-term success.
General-purpose high-level programming language supporting multiple paradigms. C# encompasses static typing, strong typing, lexically scoped, imperative, declarative, functional, generic, object-oriented (class-based), and component-oriented programming disciplines. C# is a cross-platform that makes developers productive while writing highly performant code. With millions of developers, C# is the most popular .NET language.
Object-oriented programming language which gives a clear structure to programs and allows code to be reused, lowering development costs. C++ is portable and can be used to develop applications that can be adapted to multiple platforms.
Function that is passed as an argument to another function and is executed later, after the main function has completed its task. This pattern is commonly used in asynchronous programming to handle operations that take time, like network requests or file I/O, ensuring that code runs in the correct order.
Term for the difficult-to-read, nested structure of code that results from chaining multiple asynchronous operations using callbacks. It often appears as a „pyramid of doom” or „pyramid of doooom” due to excessive indentation, making the code hard to maintain and debug. Modern solutions like Promises and async/await are used to avoid this pattern.
In-depth, detailed study of a specific topic, such as a person, group, organization, or event, to understand its characteristics, behaviors, or outcomes in a real-world context. It is a research method used in various disciplines to gain comprehensive insight into a specific case, often exploring complex issues and phenomena.
Geographically distributed network of servers that speeds up the delivery of web content by caching content closer to users. By storing copies of website content on multiple servers in different locations, CDNs reduce latency and improve website loading times, especially for users far from the origin server.
Software that consolidates and organizes customer data from various sources into a unified profile. CDPs are used by marketing teams to gain insights into customer behavior and improve personalization and targeting in marketing campaigns.
Highest-ranking corporate officer in an organization, typically a company or a non-profit. The CEO is responsible for the overall management of the organization and making key strategic decisions. They lead the company’s operations and guide its direction to achieve its goals.
Standard specification that allows a web server to run an external program to process user requests and generate dynamic content. It acts as an interface between the server and applications, enabling interactive features like form submissions by passing information to the program and returning the results as an HTTP response to the user’s browser. While historically important, it has largely been superseded by more efficient technologies due to its performance limitations of launching a new process for each request.
Creation of visual content using computer software. This can include both static and animated 2D or 3D images, scenes, and effects used in movies, video games, advertisements, and other fields. CGI is used to create things that are impossible, too expensive, or dangerous to film, such as realistic fantastical creatures, vast worlds, or complex simulations.
AI conversational model developed by OpenAI. It’s designed to engage in natural, human-like conversations. The underlying technology is based on GPT (Generative Pretrained Transformer), a type of machine learning model that uses a vast amount of text data to understand and generate text based on prompts it receives.
Way of creating software where you can publish updates at any time and in a reliable manner. When code modification becomes routine, programming cycles are more frequent and faster.
Senior executive responsible for managing a company’s technology and computer systems to align with its strategic goals. The CIO’s role includes overseeing IT infrastructure, implementing new technology, ensuring cybersecurity, and driving digital transformation efforts.
Series of AI models created by Anthropic. It’s a general-purpose language model designed to be safer and more aligned with user intent. Claude is often used in a variety of applications, from chatbots to content creation, and is known for being more conversational and mindful of safety issues in AI interactions.
Text-based method of interacting with a computer’s operating system or software by typing commands. Unlike graphical user interfaces (GUIs) that use icons and menus, a CLI uses a shell program to interpret your text-based commands and execute tasks.
All-in-one productivity and project management platform designed to help individuals and teams organize and manage work. It centralizes tasks, docs, goals, time tracking, and more, offering a wide range of customizable features like different views (List, Board, Gantt, Calendar), custom fields, and AI-powered tools to help automate work and generate content.
Function that, when executed, can access variables from its enclosing (outer) scope, even after the outer function has finished executing. This is because the function „closes over” or „remembers” the environment in which it was created, including the variables it needs.
Type of DNS record that acts as an alias, pointing a domain name (or subdomain) to another domain name, rather than directly to an IP address. Essentially, it creates an alias for a domain, allowing it to share the same IP address or point to another service.
Type of cyberattack where an attacker introduces malicious code into a vulnerable application, causing it to execute that code instead of its intended function. This is often possible due to a lack of proper input validation, allowing attackers to inject commands through user input fields like search bars, forms, or URL parameters. Successful injections can lead to data theft, modification, denial of service, or even complete takeover of the system.
Software quality assurance process where one or more people or tools examine source code to find bugs, improve quality, and ensure it aligns with coding standards before it’s merged into a main codebase. This practice helps catch errors early, promotes knowledge sharing among developers, and ultimately leads to a more robust and reliable product.
Very small PHP framework whose architecture is based on the MVC (Model, View, Controller) model. The Model and Controller connect the front-end and back-end. Therefore, MVC in CodeIgniter helps you separate the view from the back-end of your application.
AI language model developed by OpenAI. It’s particularly designed to understand and generate code, making it ideal for tasks related to software development. It powers tools like GitHub Copilot and can help with generating code, debugging, and even explaining code snippets.
In programming is the degree to which the elements within a single module or class belong together and serve a common purpose. High cohesion means a module is focused on a single, well-defined task, making the code easier to manage, understand, and maintain. For example, a User class should contain methods related to user data and actions, not database operations or UI rendering, which would be a separate, cohesive module.
In technology is the ability of different systems, software, hardware components, specifications, versions, and data format to work together without conflicts. This includes software compatibility (like different programs sharing files or running on the same OS) and hardware compatibility (like a monitor working with a specific computer).
Process of translating source code written in a high-level programming language into machine code that a computer can understand (low-level). It can also mean a collection or combination of different elements, such as music tracks on a compilation album or fragments of text in a single work.
Dependency manager for PHP that makes it possible to define third-party code packages used by a project that can then be easily installed and updated.
Use of computers and other devices to process, store, and manage information.
Process of joining two or more sequences, most commonly strings, into a single sequence. It’s a fundamental operation in programming used to combine data like text fragments, numbers, or even more complex data types such as arrays and matrices. The method for concatenation varies by programming language, often using a specific operator like + or &, or a dedicated function.
Situation when more than one subpage of a domain is optimized for the same keyword, and when their content is similar or duplicated.
Variant of web scraping, where we can also distinguish, for example, screen scraping, price scraping, and others. It is a practice of automatically copying content from third-party websites and publishing it on one’s own or elsewhere on the Internet. Web crawlers are therefore programmed to search only text. Unfortunately, content scraping is in most cases, and even almost always, illegal and is strictly prohibited in the context of website positioning.
In computer science – refers to changing the format of data, data type, or number system to another. This may include converting file formats, changing the type of a variable in code (e.g., from an integer to a floating point number), or converting values between different number systems (e.g., decimal, binary, hexadecimal). In marketing and sales – refers to the user performing a desired action, e.g., purchasing a product, subscribing to a newsletter, filling out a contact form. This is an action that is intended to benefit the company.
HTTP-header-based mechanism that allows a web server to indicate to a browser which origins (domains, schemes, or ports) are permitted to load resources from it. It is a security feature that relaxes the strict same-origin policy, enabling a webpage from one domain to access resources from a different domain, which is common in modern web applications that use third-party APIs and services.
HTTP-based security mechanism that allows a server to grant a web browser permission to access resources from a domain other than its own. It’s an extension of the same-origin policy, which normally prevents a webpage from making requests to a different domain for security reasons. CORS is crucial for modern web development, as it enables authorized resource sharing, such as when a website uses an API from a different server.
Sftware that allows you to manage a virtual server (website and email). It is an excellent solution for those who are new to virtual servers and for less advanced users.
Indicator that measures what percentage of visitors to a website take the desired action (conversion), such as making a purchase, subscribing to a newsletter, or filling out a form. It is calculated by dividing the number of conversions by the total number of visitors to the website, then multiplying the result by 100 to express it as a percentage.
Both a business philosophy focused on building lasting relationships with customers and an IT system (software) used to collect, analyze, and manage customer data. CRM systems support marketing, sales, and customer service departments in better understanding, serving, and maintaining long-term relationships, increasing customer loyalty, and optimizing sales processes.
Process aimed at increasing the percentage of website visitors who perform a specific action (e.g., purchase, registration).
It involves analyzing user behavior, testing different solutions, and optimizing the website for conversion. Various tools and techniques are used, such as data analysis, A/B testing, heat maps, and others.
Time-based job scheduler in Unix-like operating systems that automates repetitive tasks by running commands or scripts at specific times or intervals. These scheduled tasks are called cron jobs, and they are configured using a crontab file, which specifies when to execute commands like system maintenance, backups, or report generation.
Sales technique that involves offering the customer additional products or services that complement the offer they were originally interested in. The aim of the strategy is to increase the purchase amount during a single transaction.
Four basic operations (actions) of persistent storage. CRUD operations are essential for tasks like adding new data, retrieving existing data, modifying data, and removing data. CRUD is also sometimes used to describe user interface conventions that facilitate viewing, searching, and changing information using computer-based forms and reports.
Style sheet language used for specifying the presentation and styling of a document written in a markup language such as HTML or XML (including XML dialects such as SVG, MathML or XHTML). CSS is a cornerstone technology of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and JavaScript.
One of the CSS methodologies – alongside SMACSS and OOCSS, for example. It is actually an entire methodology that extends to HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and even file structure. BEM was developed by Yandex to create websites that can be launched quickly and then supported for a long time. It helps to create flexible and reusable components.
Plain text file format used to store tabular data, where each line represents a row and values are separated by commas. It’s a simple and common way to exchange data between different applications, especially spreadsheets and databases.
Senior executive who leads a company’s technology strategy, innovation, and development efforts to align with overall business objectives. They focus on external factors like improving customer-facing products and services through technology, overseeing research and development, and ensuring the company stays at the forefront of technological advancements. The CTO’s role also includes managing tech budgets and performance, as well as potentially leading the technical teams responsible for these areas.